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Literature and evidence database

Find the source, the model and the boundary.

Search source records connected to the product-family knowledge base. Filter by category, product, publication year, research type, study model and editorial evidence tier.

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Product evidence maps

A focused source set for each product.

AOD-9604 Evidence MapA source-linked map of clinical-development, preclinical, analytical and FDA compounding-review records for AOD-9604.BPC-157 Evidence MapA source-linked map that keeps animal, cell, review and FDA compounding records separate for BPC-157.CJC-1295 DAC Evidence MapA source-linked map of human pharmacology, molecular-identity, analytical and FDA compounding records for CJC-1295 with DAC.Retatrutide Evidence MapA source-linked map separating peer-reviewed human trials, trial registries, sponsor status reports, mechanism studies and regulatory context for retatrutide.Tirzepatide Evidence MapA source-linked map of controlled human trials, FDA labeling, mechanism records and material-identity boundaries for tirzepatide.

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Evidence records

Narrow the records by product, year or study model. Open each source to check its results and limitations.

327 matching records · showing 91–120

Last editorial refresh: September 2, 2026

104
Level 3 — Preclinical in vivoAnimal2014

Primary publication — PubMed 25415472

Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JH. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19(11):19066-19077. doi:10.3390/molecules191119066. PMID:25415472.

BPC-157
Preclinical studyRat-derived tendon fibroblast studyOpen source

Editorial methodology

How records are classified

Records are deduplicated by source URL and linked to every relevant product family. Study type and model are inferred from the citation and editorial evidence label, then reviewed during content QA.

Read the full editorial, AI-assistance and correction policy →

Regulatory / authoritative

Labels and databases supporting regulatory status, formulation or chemical identity.

Level 1–2 human evidence

Controlled trials, systematic reviews and other clinical records with population-specific interpretation.

Level 3–4 experimental evidence

Animal, cell, analytical and mechanistic records that cannot establish human outcomes.

Context records

Narrative reviews, registries and sponsor reports kept visibly distinct from peer-reviewed outcomes.

Use the records

Turn evidence into a structured comparison.

Comparison centerResearch glossaryLaboratory calculators

MOTS-c rises after exercise. Does that mean adding MOTS-c has the same effect?

Detecting changes in MOTS-c levels after exercise and adding MOTS-c to an experimental system are two different study designs. The first observes how the body responds; the second examines the effects of an added material.

One type of study: measuring the body’s own MOTS-c

A 2021 study in human exercise experiments measured endogenous MOTS-c-related changes in skeletal muscle and circulation. This answers how the measured subject responds after exercise occurs.

Exercise changes many physiological processes at the same time. A change in one peptide alone cannot be used to attribute all exercise outcomes to it.

Another type: adding MOTS-c to an experimental system

An added intervention requires a clear material identity, treatment conditions, comparison groups, and observation measures. Animal intervention experiments in the same study should be listed separately from human endogenous observations.

Changes in endogenous levels cannot directly become proof that an added material is effective in humans, nor can blood measurement results be used to derive a usage plan.

Write the sample source and readout clearly

Serum, plasma, and tissue are not identical samples. The detection method, units, sampling time, and comparison object should be recorded together; even when all are called "levels," the basis for measurement may not be the same.

Choose the study design first when searching evidence databases

Select "endogenous measurement" or "added intervention," then filter by human, animal, or cell. This helps find relevant papers and avoids mixing observations with interventions.

Two types of MOTS-c records
Endogenous measurementQuestion asked: Whether levels change after exercise or another stateInformation to keep: Sample, time, method, comparison object
Added interventionQuestion asked: How research readouts change after adding the materialInformation to keep: Material, model, control, treatment conditions
Teaching summary. Check the explanation and original sources; this is not a to-scale molecular model or a product test result.
Two types of MOTS-c records
Record typeQuestion askedInformation to keep
Endogenous measurementWhether levels change after exercise or another stateSample, time, method, comparison object
Added interventionHow research readouts change after adding the materialMaterial, model, control, treatment conditions

What did the human exercise experiment actually measure?

Figure 1 of the 2021 paper compared pre- and post-exercise measurements in ten healthy young men. The post-exercise skeletal-muscle MOTS-c relative readout was 11.9-fold the pre-exercise value. This does not mean an added material improved human exercise performance 11.9-fold. Keep the endogenous human measurements separate from the animal interventions.

MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis · 2021

Original sources and further reading

Sources checked on 2026-10-13. Findings apply to the models and materials studied. Batch quality requires records for the actual batch.

Related research materials

MOTS-c (Human)View material identity, specifications, and packaging; documentation needs can be raised with an inquiry.

Ask about specifications, quantity, and required documentation

GHK-Cu in research: one ingredient or a complete formulation?

GHK-Cu can appear in cell experiments, solutions, gels, or skincare formulas. When you read "works," first look at the full makeup of the test material, then at what the researchers compared.

Studying one ingredient alone is not the same as studying a full formula

The original fibroblast study looked at how GHK-Cu affects readouts such as collagen synthesis. Related animal wound studies used their own specific handling and evaluation measures. Each answers a specific question in its model.

If a study used a multi-ingredient formula, the observed results belong to that set of materials and test setup. Without a suitable single-ingredient or formula control, you cannot attribute all differences to GHK-Cu alone.

Make a material card for each paper

The card lists GHK or GHK-Cu, the form used, other ingredients, the study subject, comparison groups, and main readouts. When the role of each material in a formula was not measured separately, state that clearly.

Cell markers and real-world appearance are not the same endpoint

Collagen-related readouts in cultured cells are a different level from human skin appearance or barrier measures. To describe the latter, look for the corresponding human formula studies and their measurement methods.

Topical formula data also cannot be extended on their own into evidence for injection or other routes of use. Materials, methods, and subjects should all stay within the conclusion.

Read the research first, then confirm the materials you need

You can view specifications in the GHK-Cu catalog and ask the team about form and documentation needs. Confirm raw material identity, formula development, and finished product testing separately, to avoid treating a catalog raw material as a studied finished product.

GHK-Cu research material categories
Single-ingredient culture experimentsWhat to check first: Specific materials, concentrations, culture conditions, and readouts
Multi-ingredient gel or formulaWhat to check first: Full composition, delivery system, and controls
Human formula testingWhat to check first: Tested finished product, method, population, and measured markers
Teaching summary. Check the explanation and original sources; this is not a to-scale molecular model or a product test result.
GHK-Cu research material categories
Material scenarioWhat to check first
Single-ingredient culture experimentsSpecific materials, concentrations, culture conditions, and readouts
Multi-ingredient gel or formulaFull composition, delivery system, and controls
Human formula testingTested finished product, method, population, and measured markers

What does the concentration in the collagen study mean?

The 1988 fibroblast-culture study reported stimulation of collagen synthesis beginning between 10⁻¹² and 10⁻¹¹ M and peaking at 10⁻⁹ M, independently of cell-number changes. These are culture-system concentrations and readouts, not finished-skincare formulation levels or human doses. One collagen measure does not establish every skin-appearance outcome.

Original sources and further reading

Sources checked on 2026-10-13. Findings apply to the models and materials studied. Batch quality requires records for the actual batch.

Related research materials

GHK-CuView material identity, specifications, and packaging; documentation needs can be raised with an inquiry.

Ask about specifications, quantity, and required documentation